Sarawak was a part of the Sultanate of Brunei before it was ceded to British adventurer James Brooke, who ruled it as his personal kingdom, on September 24, 1841, although the official declaration was not made until August 18, 1842, as a reward for helping in bringing about a peaceful settlement facing Bidayuh uprising against the Sultan of Brunei. This marked an onset of three generations of the Brooke family rule.
Kuching became the seat of the Brooke government and underwent remarkable changes. As the administrative capital, it was the focus of attention and development. Some of the first things James Brooke did was to introduce a code of laws and build his residence on a site at the northern bank of the Sarawak River, next to the present-day Astana (Palace), which is now the official residence of the Governor of Sarawak.
Under James Brooke, piracy and headhunting were abetted and law and order enforced. However, Kuching remained cramped and lacking in facilities. It was not until 1868 when Charles Brooke became the Second Rajah that greater efforts were made to upgrade the town. Drainage was improved, new buildings and streets sprang up and old shophouses were replaced with brick ones. In fact, most of Kuching from the town centre and its outlying areas was rebuilt after the great fire in 1884.
The Brooke Administration was given the status of Protectorate under Rajah Charles Brooke's rule and was placed behind the Indian Rajas and Princes. By the end of the Charles Brooke rule, Kuching had grown from a small ramshackle place into a town with attractive Victorian-styled design Government buildings and telecommunication service. Sampans (small boats) and trains were the primary mode of transport. There were even sports and entertainment facilities such as a race course and a clubhouse; complete with a bar, billiard tables and bowling alleys.
Kuching continued to prosper under Charles Vyner Brooke, who succeeded his father as the Third Rajah of Sarawak. In 1941, Kuching became the venue of the Brooke Government Centenary Celebration. A few months later, the Brooke administration came to a close when the Japanese occupied Sarawak.
Kuching was surrendered to the Japanese forces on December 24, 1941, and Sarawak was part of the Japanese Imperial Empire for three years and eight months, until the official Japanese surrender on September 11, 1945, on board HMAS Kapunda at Kuching. From March 1942, the Japanese operated a POW and civilian internee Batu Lintang camp, three miles (5 km) outside Kuching.[12]
After the end of World War II the third and last Rajah, Sir Charles Vyner Brooke ceded Sarawak to the British Crown in 1946. Kuching was revitalised as the capital of Sarawak under the British Colonial Government. When Sarawak, together with Northern Borneo, Singapore and the Federation of Malaya, formed the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, Kuching was maintained as the State Capital. The town experienced rapid development, resulting in its incorporation as a City in 1988.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is one of many plant genera with a genetic characteristic known as polyploidy, in which there are more than two complete sets of chromosomes, unlike most other species including human. Polyploidy is a condition where the phenotype of the offspring may be quite different from the parent, or indeed any ancestor, essentially allowing possibly random expression of all (or any) of the characteristics of all the generations that have gone before. Because of this characteristic, H. rosa-sinensis has become popular with hobbyists who cross and recross varieties, creating new named varieties and holding competitions to exhibit and judge the many resulting new seedlings and often strikingly unique flowers. To add to the genetic opportunities, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has been successfully hybridized with the cold-hardy Hibiscus moscheutos and several other North American Hibiscus species, producing cold-hardy hybrids (see cold-hardy Hibiscus cultivars).
Often the progeny of these crosses are sterile, but some are fertile, further increasing the complexity of variability and the possibility of a virtually unlimited number of eventual Hibiscus rosa-sinensis varieties. This further attracts the hobbyists, who have created local and international associations, societies, publications, and manuals to further this hobby, which is practiced with these tropical plants worldwide, including indoors in cold climates.
Offspring 1
Offspring 2
Hibiscus flower preparations are used for hair care. The flowers themselves are edible and are used in salads in the Pacific Islands. The flowers are used to shine shoes in parts of India.It is also a pH indicator.China rose indicator turns acidic solutions to magenta/dark pink and basic solutions to green. It is also used for the worship of Devi and especially the red variety takes an important part in tantra. In Indonesia, these flowers are called "kembang sepatu", which literally means "shoe flower".
The bunga mas dan perak (translates as "golden and silver flowers"), often abbreviated to bunga mas, was a tribute sent every three years to the King of Siam from its vassal states in the Malay Peninsula - in particular, by Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah and Pattani. The tribute consisted of two small trees made of gold and silver, plus costly gifts of weapons, goods and slaves. [1]
The origins of and reasons for the establishment of the tradition are unclear. For example, the 17th century Kedah rulers considered it to be a token of friendship, and according to a Kedah legend a bunga mas was sent as a toy for a Thai prince, while Thai kings maintained it was a recognition of their suzerainty.[1]
The practice ended in 1909 with the establishment of the British rule in most of the northern Malay states.[1]
The main attraction of this area is the natural beauty of the ocean reef groups, various types of sea fish, and of course many kinds of birds. Luas kawasan ini sekitar 30 ha. The area is about 30 ha. Every year between April and August, the island is visited by thousands of birds from 60 species originating from various countries. About forty thousand birds are flying from the continent of Australia, Asia, and Africa.
Ujung Kulon is one of the national parks and nature conservation sites in Indonesia. at this location, we can see the beauty of tropical forests. The One-horned rhino is endemic species of this reserve. This location consists of several small islands, some of which are Peucang Island, Handeuleum Island, and Panaitan Island. The highest point is Mount Honje. The characteristics of this national park is its role as a natural habitat for various types of protected animals, such as the Java rhinoceros, deer, antelope, banteng, various primates, wild boar, jungle cats, lemurs, and many kinds of birds.
This region can be achieved through the village Panimbangan or via the sea by boat to one of the existing island. Ujung Kulon has been equipped with various means of telecommunication networks, electricity, and clean water. Tourism facilities such as accommodation, information center, tourist guides, and transportation also available. UNESCO has declared that the area is World Heritage Site in 1991.
Banten in the past was a prosperous port city area.[citation needed] In the 5th century, it was part of the Kingdom of Tarumanagara. The Lebak relic inscriptions, found in lowland villages on the edge of Ci Danghiyang, Sub Munjul, Pandeglang, Banten, were discovered in 1947 and contains 2 lines of poetry with Pallawa script and Sanskrit language.[citation needed] The inscriptions speak of the courage of king Purnawarman.[citation needed] After the collapse of the kingdom Tarumanagara following attack by Srivijaya, power in the western Java fell to the Kingdom of Sunda. According to Portuguese explorer, Tome Pires, Banten became an important port of the Kingdom of Sunda in the early 16 th century.
In 1527 just as the Portuguese fleet was arriving of the coast, newly converted Javanesemuslims under Sunan Gunungjati capture the port and surrounding area from Sunda and establish the Sultanate of Banten. As the center of this sultanate, as reported by J. de Barros, Banten is a major port in Southeast Asia, parallel to the Malacca and Makassar. City of Banten is located in the mid-coast of the bay, which up to three miles wide. the city was 850 fathoms in length. In the seaside town of 400 fathoms in length; enter into it longer. Through the middle of town there is a clear river, where the ship type and gale junks could sail through. Throughout the suburbs there is a tributary, the river is not how large it was only small boats can only sail through. In a suburb that is a fortress whose walls were made of brick and seven palms wide. Defense buildings made of wood, consisting of two levels, and armed with good weapons. In the middle of town square is used for the benefit of military activities and folk art and as a market in the morning. The king's palace is located in the southern part of the square. Beside the building is elevated and flat-roofed, called Srimanganti, which is used as the king of face to face with people. To the west of the square was built a great mosque.
In the early 17th century AD, Banten is one of the important commercial center in the international trade route in Asia. Modern administration and governance port very supportive for the growth of the economic community. Its territory includes the area is now the province of Lampung in southern Sumatra.
When the Dutch arrived in Indonesia for the first time, the Portuguese have long entered the Banten. Then the English founded a factory in Banten and followed by the Dutch. In addition, the French and Danish people also came to trade in Banten. In the competition between the European traders, the Dutch emerged as the winner. Portuguese man fled from Banten (1601), after their fleet was destroyed by the Dutch fleet off the coast of Banten.
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